Asylum seekers in Tijuana, Mexico, listen to names being called from a waiting list to claim asylum at a border crossing in San Diego.

Asylum seekers in Tijuana, Mexico, listen to names being called from a waiting list to claim asylum at a border crossing in San Diego. Elliot Spagat/AP

Trump’s Asylum Ban Could Apply Retroactively to Thousands of Migrants Even Though Officials Promised It Wouldn’t

The Trump administration promised that asylum-seekers who already had U.S. cases, but had been forced to return to Mexico to await court dates, could still get asylum. That might not be the case.

Thousands of migrants who agreed to wait in Mexico for their asylum hearings in the United States are now finding out they may not be eligible for asylum at all.

They’re stuck at the Kafkaesque intersection of two Trump policies designed to crack down on those seeking humanitarian protection. First, when they came to the U.S. to seek asylum earlier this year, they were given court dates but forced to wait in Mexico for their hearings.

Then, in July, the Trump administration issued a regulation that banned asylum for any non-Mexican migrant who entered the U.S. from Mexico.

At the time, the Trump administration asserted that people who had already been caught up in the older Trump policy — asylum-seekers who were in Mexico only because the U.S. had already sent them back there to wait — wouldn’t be subject to the new ban. (Asylum-seekers who were still waiting at official border crossings to present themselves legally were barred, as ProPublica reported at the time, but the administration said that those who already had court dates were not.)

But ProPublica has learned that in at least one court where these asylum-seekers’ cases are being heard, judges and prosecutors are treating their status as an open question. The uncertainty in the courtroom shows that — despite what the Trump administration said at the time — officials haven’t been instructed to exempt returned asylum-seekers from the new rule.

Three lawyers representing asylum-seekers told ProPublica that Immigration Judge Nathan Herbert in El Paso, Texas, has ordered them to submit briefs explaining why their clients should be eligible for asylum despite the regulation.

In two of these cases, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (which represents prosecutors) was also asked to submit a brief arguing the other side of the issue. The asylum-seekers’ lawyers told ProPublica that ICE has asked for more time to write its brief in both cases, because it’s still trying to interpret the regulation itself.

In the other case, ICE was not required to submit a brief, because Herbert said that the burden of proof was on the asylum-seeker to show she was eligible.

All three asylum-seekers represented by the lawyers who spoke with ProPublica — and an unknown number of other asylum-seekers who don’t have lawyers — have already had their final hearings and are now being held in ICE or Customs and Border Protection detention facilities in the U.S. while Herbert and prosecutors debate their asylum eligibility.

Herbert is only one of the judges overseeing asylum cases for migrants forced to return to Mexico under the “Migrant Protection Protocols” program. Since judges and prosecutors have apparently been left to interpret the regulation on their own, it’s possible that different judges will come to different conclusions — meaning whether or not the ban applies to a given migrant will depend on which judge is assigned to their case.

The Department of Homeland Security (which oversees prosecutors in immigration court) and the Department of Justice (which oversees immigration judges) did not respond to multiple requests for comment.

Under the Migrant Protection Protocols, otherwise known as the “Remain in Mexico” policy, asylum-seekers have been living in Mexico for weeks or months while they await their U.S. court dates. They’ve faced poor living conditions and danger from kidnappers in the hopes that a U.S. judge will ultimately grant them asylum.

The source of the confusion is that the asylum ban applies to migrants who “enter” the U.S. after July 16. Technically, a migrant who has already come to the U.S. to ask for asylum, been sent to Mexico to wait, and comes back into the U.S. to attend his or her court date is “entering” again. The text of the regulation isn’t clear about whether the ban only applies to a first entry, or to any entry into the U.S. after that date.

When the regulation went into effect, however, officials from both the DOJ and DHS said, definitively, that any migrant who had entered the U.S. before July 16 — whether or not they were forced to wait in Mexico in the meantime — would still be eligible for asylum under the new rule.

A DOJ spokesperson told ProPublica at the time that it would not apply to those already in the Remain in Mexico program. A DHS spokesperson said the agency would defer to the DOJ’s interpretation.

The U.S. Supreme Court reversed a lower court ruling and allowed the regulation to take effect nationwide in September while the underlying lawsuit over its legality is heard. At that point, DHS issued a statement saying explicitly that the regulation would apply only to those whose initial entry into the U.S. happened after July 16.

“We are considering the initial encounter as the operative date for purposes of the” regulation, a DHS official told reporters. “Subsequent entries for immigration court hearings are not entries” as far as the new ban was concerned.

But DOJ’s internal guidance to immigration judges didn’t say anything about the issue.

The guidance issued after the court’s September ruling, first obtained by Reuters, tells judges that the ban now applies to “all asylum applications filed by aliens who entered, attempted to enter, or arrived in the United States after July 16, 2019,” that are still pending as of Sept. 11.

It doesn’t clarify whether the guidance refers to initial entry or most recent entry. In fact, it doesn’t mention the Remain in Mexico program at all. That leaves it up to individual immigration judges to interpret.

It takes several months for asylum-seekers to get a judge’s final ruling. Because the Remain in Mexico program was rolled out slowly this spring, relatively few cases have reached the final stage — but El Paso, an early program hub, is seeing many of them. The confusion in Herbert’s courtroom could presage what’s going to happen in other courts where judges are hearing returnees’ cases.

As of August 2019 — the last month for which data is available — 13,841 migrants who had entered before July 1 and had been sent back to Mexico still had pending court cases, according to data obtained by the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse at Syracuse University. (Thousands more migrants entered and returned between July 1 and July 16, and they could also be barred retroactively; it’s not clear how many still had pending cases as of August.) There were 5,231 who had their cases before judges in El Paso, like Herbert.

The three lawyers who spoke with ProPublica said Herbert brought up the issue during their clients’ final hearings before ruling on their asylum claims. (Judges frequently rule on the asylum claim at a hearing’s end or quickly after.) Herbert ordered asylum-seekers’ attorneys to submit legal briefs arguing their positions in the weeks after the hearing — delaying the case’s resolution by at least a few weeks and possibly longer.

One immigration lawyer shared with ProPublica a joint motion filed with the prosecutor in his client’s case, asking for more time to prepare briefs. The reason, the motion says, is that, “The Department is in the process of assessing which position to adopt” — still deciding whether to argue that the asylum ban retroactively applies to Remain in Mexico returnees. Another lawyer said that she received a motion by mail from the ICE prosecutor, asking for a similar extension.

Meanwhile, the lawyers’ clients remain in detention. One lawyer told ProPublica that her client actually wants to be sent back to Mexico to wait for his next hearing but was instead forced to stay in detention in the U.S. while the legal argument over his eligibility is resolved.

“I asked the guards, and they said he’s going to be returned to Juárez,” that lawyer said, referring to the city across the border from El Paso. But that did not happen. When she didn’t hear from the client for several days, she contacted government sources to track him down — and eventually received an email that he was in CBP custody.

Another lawyer told ProPublica her client is in ICE custody, but the client records aren’t visible in the online detainee locator. The lawyer said she learned the client’s whereabouts only through a phone call from the client’s relative.

According to data from TRAC, 99% of asylum-seekers sent to wait in Mexico don’t have lawyers. The final hearings for unrepresented Remain in Mexico returnees are typically closed to the public.

That makes it impossible to know how many other asylum-seekers are currently waiting in limbo for Herbert’s decision — or whether any have already been denied asylum by another judge, due to a ban they were told they were exempt from.

This article was originally published in ProPublica. It has been republished under the Creative Commons license.  ProPublica is a Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative newsroom. Sign up for their newsletter.

X
This website uses cookies to enhance user experience and to analyze performance and traffic on our website. We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners. Learn More / Do Not Sell My Personal Information
Accept Cookies
X
Cookie Preferences Cookie List

Do Not Sell My Personal Information

When you visit our website, we store cookies on your browser to collect information. The information collected might relate to you, your preferences or your device, and is mostly used to make the site work as you expect it to and to provide a more personalized web experience. However, you can choose not to allow certain types of cookies, which may impact your experience of the site and the services we are able to offer. Click on the different category headings to find out more and change our default settings according to your preference. You cannot opt-out of our First Party Strictly Necessary Cookies as they are deployed in order to ensure the proper functioning of our website (such as prompting the cookie banner and remembering your settings, to log into your account, to redirect you when you log out, etc.). For more information about the First and Third Party Cookies used please follow this link.

Allow All Cookies

Manage Consent Preferences

Strictly Necessary Cookies - Always Active

We do not allow you to opt-out of our certain cookies, as they are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of our website (such as prompting our cookie banner and remembering your privacy choices) and/or to monitor site performance. These cookies are not used in a way that constitutes a “sale” of your data under the CCPA. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not work as intended if you do so. You can usually find these settings in the Options or Preferences menu of your browser. Visit www.allaboutcookies.org to learn more.

Sale of Personal Data, Targeting & Social Media Cookies

Under the California Consumer Privacy Act, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of your personal information to third parties. These cookies collect information for analytics and to personalize your experience with targeted ads. You may exercise your right to opt out of the sale of personal information by using this toggle switch. If you opt out we will not be able to offer you personalised ads and will not hand over your personal information to any third parties. Additionally, you may contact our legal department for further clarification about your rights as a California consumer by using this Exercise My Rights link

If you have enabled privacy controls on your browser (such as a plugin), we have to take that as a valid request to opt-out. Therefore we would not be able to track your activity through the web. This may affect our ability to personalize ads according to your preferences.

Targeting cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners. They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites. They do not store directly personal information, but are based on uniquely identifying your browser and internet device. If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising.

Social media cookies are set by a range of social media services that we have added to the site to enable you to share our content with your friends and networks. They are capable of tracking your browser across other sites and building up a profile of your interests. This may impact the content and messages you see on other websites you visit. If you do not allow these cookies you may not be able to use or see these sharing tools.

If you want to opt out of all of our lead reports and lists, please submit a privacy request at our Do Not Sell page.

Save Settings
Cookie Preferences Cookie List

Cookie List

A cookie is a small piece of data (text file) that a website – when visited by a user – asks your browser to store on your device in order to remember information about you, such as your language preference or login information. Those cookies are set by us and called first-party cookies. We also use third-party cookies – which are cookies from a domain different than the domain of the website you are visiting – for our advertising and marketing efforts. More specifically, we use cookies and other tracking technologies for the following purposes:

Strictly Necessary Cookies

We do not allow you to opt-out of our certain cookies, as they are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of our website (such as prompting our cookie banner and remembering your privacy choices) and/or to monitor site performance. These cookies are not used in a way that constitutes a “sale” of your data under the CCPA. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not work as intended if you do so. You can usually find these settings in the Options or Preferences menu of your browser. Visit www.allaboutcookies.org to learn more.

Functional Cookies

We do not allow you to opt-out of our certain cookies, as they are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of our website (such as prompting our cookie banner and remembering your privacy choices) and/or to monitor site performance. These cookies are not used in a way that constitutes a “sale” of your data under the CCPA. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not work as intended if you do so. You can usually find these settings in the Options or Preferences menu of your browser. Visit www.allaboutcookies.org to learn more.

Performance Cookies

We do not allow you to opt-out of our certain cookies, as they are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of our website (such as prompting our cookie banner and remembering your privacy choices) and/or to monitor site performance. These cookies are not used in a way that constitutes a “sale” of your data under the CCPA. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not work as intended if you do so. You can usually find these settings in the Options or Preferences menu of your browser. Visit www.allaboutcookies.org to learn more.

Sale of Personal Data

We also use cookies to personalize your experience on our websites, including by determining the most relevant content and advertisements to show you, and to monitor site traffic and performance, so that we may improve our websites and your experience. You may opt out of our use of such cookies (and the associated “sale” of your Personal Information) by using this toggle switch. You will still see some advertising, regardless of your selection. Because we do not track you across different devices, browsers and GEMG properties, your selection will take effect only on this browser, this device and this website.

Social Media Cookies

We also use cookies to personalize your experience on our websites, including by determining the most relevant content and advertisements to show you, and to monitor site traffic and performance, so that we may improve our websites and your experience. You may opt out of our use of such cookies (and the associated “sale” of your Personal Information) by using this toggle switch. You will still see some advertising, regardless of your selection. Because we do not track you across different devices, browsers and GEMG properties, your selection will take effect only on this browser, this device and this website.

Targeting Cookies

We also use cookies to personalize your experience on our websites, including by determining the most relevant content and advertisements to show you, and to monitor site traffic and performance, so that we may improve our websites and your experience. You may opt out of our use of such cookies (and the associated “sale” of your Personal Information) by using this toggle switch. You will still see some advertising, regardless of your selection. Because we do not track you across different devices, browsers and GEMG properties, your selection will take effect only on this browser, this device and this website.